Factors affecting contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa /

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
مؤلف مشترك: National Research Council (U.S.). Working Group on Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use (ussing body.)
التنسيق: Licensed eBooks
اللغة:الإنجليزية
منشور في: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1993.
سلاسل:Population dynamics of Sub-Saharan Africa.
الوصول للمادة أونلاين:https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=14295
جدول المحتويات:
  • Intro
  • FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SUB-SAHARANAFRICA
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
  • KEY ISSUES
  • FINDINGS
  • 1 Introduction
  • THE CONTRACEPTIVE REVOLUTION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
  • CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
  • Historical Factors Leading to High Fertility
  • Family Planning Initiatives
  • Potential Effect of AIDS on Contraceptive Use
  • Implications of the Rise in Contraceptive Use
  • LEVELS OF SOCIOECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE
  • National Level
  • Regional Level
  • Community, Kinship, and Household
  • Individual Level
  • ORGANIZATION OF REPORT
  • 2 Levels and Trends in Contraceptive Use
  • SOURCES OF DATA ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE
  • DEFINITION OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
  • PREVALENCE OF CURRENT CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
  • Results from Demographic and Health Surveys Conducted from 1986 to 1990
  • Results of WFS, CPS, and Other Surveys, 1975-1990
  • Trends in Modern Contraceptive Prevalence
  • Differentials in Use
  • Reason for Use: Spacing Versus Limiting
  • OTHER INDICATORS RELATED TO CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE
  • Ever Use of a Modern Method
  • Discontinuation
  • Knowledge of a Modern Contraceptive Method
  • Sources of Modern Contraceptive Methods
  • Fertility Preferences
  • RESULTS FROM MALE SURVEYS
  • CONCLUSION
  • 3 The Socioeconomic Context
  • SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS OF FERTILITY
  • National-Level Relationships
  • Mortality
  • Educational Attainment of Adults
  • Schooling of Children: The Quantity-Quality Trade-Off
  • The Combined Relation of Per Capita Income, Mortality, Education, and Fertility
  • Household-Level Research
  • EVIDENCE ON CHANGES IN CHILD MORTALITY
  • Links to Fertility
  • EVIDENCE ON CHANGES IN THE QUANTITY-QUALITY TRADE-OFF
  • Opportunity Costs of Schooling
  • Direct Costs
  • Perceived Benefits of Schooling.
  • ECONOMIC STAGNATION AND ADJUSTMENT: EFFECTS ON FERTILITY
  • Access to Education and Health
  • Consequences for Human Capital Investment
  • Summary
  • CONCLUSION
  • 4 The Household, Kinship, and Community Context
  • THE HIGH-FERTILITY RATIONALE: AN OVERVIEW
  • LINEAGE AND DESCENT
  • The Predominant View of African Lineages and Descent
  • Distinction Between Patrilineal and Matrilineal Societies
  • An Alternative Perspective
  • Summary of the Implications of Lineage Orientation
  • KIN NETWORKS AND CHILD FOSTERING
  • Child Fostering
  • Fostering of Young Children
  • Fostering of Older Children
  • Summary of the Implications of Child Fostering
  • THE CONJUGAL BOND
  • Separate Residence
  • Separate Economic Responsibilities and Resources
  • Evidence for Emotional Nucleation
  • Implications of the Weak Conjugal Bond
  • PROSPECTS FOR CHANGE
  • Land
  • Schooling and Child Costs
  • Economic Crises and Their Aftermath
  • Contraceptive Innovators
  • Summary
  • LOCAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE DIFFUSION OF FAMILY PLANNING
  • National Female Political Associations
  • Market Associations
  • Local Women's Groups
  • Local Government
  • Summary
  • CONCLUSION
  • 5 Family Planning Programs and Policies
  • THE AFRICAN CONTEXT FOR POPULATION AND FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS
  • Weak Policy Support
  • Relatively Late Program Implementation
  • Generally Inadequate Resources
  • Weak Absorptive Capacity
  • Interregional Disparities
  • INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INFLUENCES ON POPULATION POLICY DEVELOPMENT
  • HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS
  • First Stage: Pioneers
  • Second Stage: Mixed Private and Public Activities and Service Expansion
  • Third Stage: Increasing Consolidation of Service Delivery
  • Fourth Stage: Effects on Fertility
  • PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
  • Countries with Programs Demonstrating the Most Success to Date
  • Kenya.
  • Botswana and Zimbabwe
  • Countries with Historical Variation in Policy Development and Program Implementation
  • Ghana
  • Nigeria
  • Uganda
  • Countries with Consistently Weak Support for National Family Planning Programs
  • Sudan
  • Mali
  • Zaire
  • Countries Where Rapid Progress in Family Planning May Occur
  • Rwanda
  • Niger
  • MAJOR DONORS FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES
  • LESSONS LEARNED FROM PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
  • Evidence of Demand for Fertility Regulation Services in Diverse Settings
  • A Range of Service Delivery Strategies Have Been Successful
  • Pilot and Operations Research Projects Have Contributed Substantially
  • Family Planning Effort Is Associated With Contraceptive Prevalence19
  • Access to Family Planning Is Associated With Contraceptive Prevalence
  • Donor Support Is Essential
  • New Mechanisms Are Needed to Increase Resources
  • Project and Program Success Needs to Be Interpreted Broadly
  • PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY, INCLUDING SOCIAL MARKETING
  • THE IMPACT OF AIDS ON FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ACTIVITY
  • CONCLUSION
  • 6 Regional Analysis of Contraceptive Use
  • FEMALE EDUCATION AND CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE
  • Ideal Family Size
  • Knowledge and Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods
  • MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE
  • Relationships Among Background Variables
  • Relative Importance of These Background Variables in Contraceptive Practice
  • Conclusions
  • 7 Contribution of Modern Contraceptive Use Relative to Postpartum Practices to Fertility Decline
  • THE TWO-PHASED FERTILITY TRANSITION
  • Regional Patterns of Nuptiality
  • Regional Patterns of Postpartum Infecundability
  • Role of Education in the Two-Phased Transition
  • CONTRACEPTION, NONSUSCEPTIBILITY, AND FERTILITY DECLINE
  • THE UNCERTAIN FUTURE
  • CONCLUSION
  • 8 Conclusions
  • FINDINGS
  • RESEARCH GAPS.
  • Levels and Trends in Contraceptive Use-Contraceptive Discontinuation
  • Socioeconomic Context
  • Effects of Economic Downturns
  • Effects of Child Mortality and AIDS on Demand for Children and Attitudes Toward Family Planning
  • Costs of Investments in Children, Including Education
  • Female Education, Income, and Contraceptive Use
  • Community/Kinship/Household
  • Extent of Nucleation of the Family and Child Fostering
  • Quantification of Kinship Factors
  • Local Social Organization and the Diffusion of Family Planning
  • Population Policies and Program Implementation-Service Availability at the Regional Level
  • Appendix A Adapting the Easterlin-Crimmins Synthesis Model to Sub-Saharan Conditions
  • DEMAND FOR BIRTHS
  • SUPPLY OF BIRTHS
  • Appendix B Sample Sizes for the WFS and DHS Regional Files
  • References.

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