Restoration of aquatic ecosystems : science, technology, and public policy /

Détails bibliographiques
Collectivités auteurs: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems--Science, Technology, and Public Policy, National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources
Format: Licensed eBooks
Langue:anglais
Publié: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1992.
Accès en ligne:https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=1014
Table des matières:
  • Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Summary
  • INTRODUCTION
  • NATIONAL STRATEGY
  • CONGRESS
  • LONG-TERM, LARGE-SCALE, COORDINATED RESTORATION-PLANNING, EVALUATING, AND MONITORING
  • LAKES
  • RIVERS AND STREAMS
  • WETLANDS
  • EDUCATION AND TRAINING
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
  • 1 Overview
  • STUDY BACKGROUND
  • WHAT IS RESTORATION?
  • STATUS OF AQUATIC RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES
  • Restoration Initiative
  • Conditions of Lakes
  • Condition of Rivers and Streams
  • Conditions of Wetlands
  • NEED FOR NATIONAL AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION
  • REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
  • 2 A Selective History of Changing Goals and Authority for Aquatic Ecosystem Management
  • WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
  • NONSTRUCTURAL APPROACHES TO FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT
  • FEDERALLY OWNED LANDS AND PUBLIC INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE DECISIONS
  • CHANGE AT CENTURY'S END
  • Congressional Actions in the Mid-1980s
  • Congressional Initiatives in the 1989-1990 Session
  • EMERGING ROLE OF THE STATES
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Planning and Evaluating Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration
  • INTRODUCTION
  • RESTORATION PROJECT PLANNING
  • Project Schedule
  • Project Scale
  • Genetic Issues
  • Human Influences
  • PURPOSE OF EVALUATION
  • SELECTING ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND SYNTHESIZING DATA
  • Assessment Criteria
  • STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
  • FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
  • EMERGENT PROPERTIES
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
  • 4 Lakes
  • OVERVIEW
  • INTRODUCTION-IMPORTANCE OF LAKES
  • STRESSES ON LAKES
  • Classes of Stresses and Their Effects
  • EUTROPHICATION
  • HYDROLOGICAL AND RELATED PHYSICAL CHANGES
  • SEDIMENTATION
  • EXOTIC SPECIES
  • ACIDIFICATION
  • CONTAMINATION BY TOXIC SUBSTANCES
  • Responses to Stresses-Status of U.S. Lakes
  • OVERVIEW
  • TROPHIC STATE
  • ACIDIFICATION
  • TOXIC SUBSTANCES
  • OTHER STRESSES.
  • LAKE RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT
  • Definitions
  • RESTORATION USING THE CONCEPT OF ECOREGIONS
  • Criteria for Successful Restoration and Measures of Success
  • ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA
  • WATER QUALITY AND HUMAN USE CRITERIA
  • FEDERAL AND STATE PROGRAMS FOR LAKE RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT
  • Federal Programs
  • State Programs
  • Evaluation of Past Restoration Efforts: Need for Monitoring Data
  • Need for Coordination of Management Efforts
  • LAKE RESTORATION TECHNOLOGY
  • Overview
  • Eutrophication
  • CONTROL OF ALGAL BLOOMS
  • Nutrient Source Reduction
  • Dilution
  • In-Lake Methods to Reduce Phosphorus Concentrations and Cycling
  • Management of Symptoms
  • CONTROL OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES
  • Overview
  • Biological Agents
  • Water-Level Drawdown
  • Harvesting
  • Herbicides
  • LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN
  • Hypolimnetic Aeration
  • Artificial Circulation
  • Winter Aeration
  • Excess Sediment
  • Exotic Species
  • Acidification
  • Contaminants
  • INTEGRATED AQUATIC SYSTEMS
  • NEEDS IN LAKE RESTORATION
  • Needs in Federal Lakes Programs
  • Project Selection and Design
  • Need for Integration of Management Programs
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Use the Ecoregion Concept to Restore Lakes
  • Research Needed
  • Education and Training
  • REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
  • 5 Rivers and Streams
  • OVERVIEW
  • INTRODUCTION-IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS AND STREAMS
  • CONCEPTS RELATED TO MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF RIVERS AND STREAMSCONCEPTS RELATED TO MANAGEMENT A...
  • Flow and Retention
  • Openness
  • Dynamism
  • Patchiness
  • Resistance and Resilience
  • THE RIVERINE-RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM
  • Integrative Concepts
  • Ecoregions as Applied to Rivers and Streams
  • STRESSES ON RIVERS AND STREAMS
  • Point Sources of Pollution
  • Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
  • Overgrazing
  • Drainage and Channelization
  • Suspended Sediment
  • Sediment Deposition
  • Dams.
  • Alteration of Flow Patterns
  • Boat Traffic
  • Acid
  • Fishing
  • FLUVIAL RESTORATION
  • Objectives
  • Priorities
  • Techniques
  • NONSTRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES
  • Legislative and Administrative Approaches
  • In-Stream Flow
  • Flow Regime
  • Floodplain Management
  • Establishment of Greenways
  • Fencing
  • STRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES FOR FLUVIAL RESTORATION
  • Species-Centered Restoration
  • Ecosystem Restoration
  • Constraints on Fluvial Restoration
  • CONCEPTUAL LIMITATIONS
  • INADEQUATE INFORMATION BASE
  • LACK OF APPROPRIATE EXPERTISE
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Establish Reference Reaches for River and Stream Restoration
  • In-Stream Flow Requirements and Allocations
  • Land Use Management
  • Event-Triggered Sampling and Monitoring
  • Guiding Citizen Participation in Restoration Projects
  • National Rivers and Streams Inventory
  • Training and Education
  • REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
  • 6 Wetlands
  • OVERVIEW
  • Definition of Wetlands
  • Historical Perspectives on Wetlands
  • Functional Value of Wetlands
  • FOOD CHAIN SUPPORT
  • HYDROLOGIC FUNCTIONS
  • WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FUNCTIONS
  • HUMAN VALUES
  • LOSS OF WETLANDS
  • Damages to Wetlands
  • Effects of Cumulative Impacts
  • Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
  • RESTORATION OPPORTUNITIES
  • Wetland Settings and Their Effects
  • COASTAL-ESTUARINE WETLANDS
  • STREAM AND RIVERINE WETLANDS
  • DEPRESSIONAL WETLANDS
  • LARGE FRESHWATER WETLANDS WITH POOR DRAINAGE
  • RESTORATION OF FORMER WETLANDS IN AGRICULTURAL USE
  • Federal Water Projects
  • PROGRAMS FOR WETLAND RESTORATION
  • Section 404, Clean Water Act
  • Conservation Reserve and Agricultural Wetland Reserve Programs
  • Farmers Home Administration and Resolution Trust Corporation Lands
  • STATUS OF WETLAND RESTORATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
  • Importance of Setting Goals for Functional Value.
  • Techniques for Restoring Wetlands
  • REESTABLISHING RIVER FLOW
  • RESTORING FLOOD REGIMES
  • HALTING DRAINAGE
  • REESTABLISHING TOPOGRAPHY
  • CONTROLLING CONTAMINANT LOADINGS
  • REESTABLISHING BIOTA
  • CONSTRAINTS ON ACHIEVING RESTORATION GOALS
  • Degree of Disturbance to the Site and Its Landscape
  • RELATIVELY UNDISTURBED SITE
  • HIGHLY DISTURBED SITES
  • SITES WITH INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE
  • Ecological Constraints
  • Biological Constraints
  • CONSTRAINTS ON THREATENED SPECIES
  • CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED BY EXOTIC SPECIES
  • Institutional Constraints
  • REGULATORY VERSUS NONREGULATORY CONTEXT
  • Problems Encountered In Restoration Projects
  • Summary
  • CONTROVERSIES ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF RESTORATION PROJECTSCONTROVERSIES ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF RESTORATION...
  • Vested Interests
  • Different Standards of Evaluation
  • Duration of Evaluation Period
  • NEEDS
  • Need for Wetland Restoration
  • Setting a Wetland Restoration Goal
  • Need for Adaptive Management
  • Need for Improved Assessment
  • Need for High Standards in Assessing Functional Equivalency (Restored Versus Natural Wetlands)
  • Need to Accelerate the Restoration Process
  • Need for Research
  • APPLIED RESEARCH
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Planning
  • Research Needs and Techniques
  • REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
  • 7 Intergrated Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration
  • INTRODUCTION
  • INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO INTEGRATED AQUATIC RESTORATION
  • IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION TO WILDLIFE
  • APPROPRIATE SCALE FOR AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION
  • USE OF HISTORICAL RECORDS IN RECONSTRUCTING WATERSHEDS
  • Interpretation of Historical Data for Restoration Purposes
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
  • 8 A National Restoration Strategy: Basic Elements and Related Recommendations
  • INTRODUCTION
  • NATIONAL RESTORATION GOALS.
  • 1. A National Restoration Strategy Should Be Directed Toward Broad-Based and Measurable Goals
  • 2. A National Aquatic Ecosystem Assessment Process Should Monitor the Achievement of the Nation' Goals ...
  • PRINCIPLES FOR PRIORITY SETTING AND DECISION MAKING
  • 3. Policies and Programs for Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Should Emphasize a Landscape Perspective
  • 4. Restoration Policies and Individual Restoration Projects Should Be Designed and Executed According ...
  • 5. Evaluation and Ranking of Restoration Alternatives Should Be Based on an Assessment of Opportunity ...
  • POLICY AND PROGRAM REDESIGN FOR FEDERAL AGENCIES
  • 6. The Definition of Restoration Used Throughout This Report Should Be Incorporated Into All Appropriate ...
  • 7. A National Restoration Strategy Should Allocate Leadership to the Federal Government for Landscape ...
  • 8. The Federal Government Should Initiate an Interagency and Intergovernmental Process to Develop a ...
  • 9. The Development of a Unified National Program for Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Should Be Facilitated ...
  • 10. Current and Proposed Federal Programs Should Exploit Available Opportunities for Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration
  • CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM
  • EPA CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM
  • FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM
  • Federal Water Resource Development
  • NOAA Water Resources Forecasting Services (WARFS)
  • INNOVATION IN FINANCING AND IN USE OF LAND AND WATER MARKETS
  • 11. Congress Should Establish a National Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund
  • 12. There Should be Increased Reliance on Local Environmental Restoration Boards for Program Planning ...
  • 13. Congress Should Allow States and Local Governments to Trade Federal Funds Designated for Development ...
  • 14. Congress Should Authorize Expansion of the Agricultural Wetland Reserve Program with Funds from.

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